Studies on the Production of Fruits in India

Studies on the Production of Fruits in India Studies on the production of fruits in India with special reference to Jammu and Kashmir Abstract Fruits provide desirable health benefits besides nutrition due to presence of various essential vitamins and minerals. Many important antioxidants are present in fruits that help the body to constantly clean up the toxic wastes. They boost the immunity and provide resistance against various ailments and certain chronic diseases. They have cracking potential to increase the economic impact of the state, country at local, national and international level. India is the second largest producer of fruits in the world with production of 81.29 million metric tonnes from an area of 6.98 million hectares for the year 2012-13. Jammu and Kashmir, the northern most state of India have different environmental and topographical conditions than rest of the country, produces many horticultural products. It is the largest producer of apples in India, 77% of apple production in India belongs to Jammu and Kashmir. After harvest considerable losses occur due to ignorance, method of storage, postharvest handling and absence of postharvest processing. Awareness about nutritional, environment and economic valves, improved cultivation, use of appropriate postharvest handling strategies are important to minimize the losses. Keywords: antioxidant, area, production, postharvest, horticulture Introduction Nutritional importance of fruits Fruits contain a number of essential minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers and play essential role in human nutrition especially as a source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), thiamine (vitamin B1), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), folacin (vitamin B9), tocopherol (vitamin E), riboflavin (vitamin A), calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, potassium (Wargovich, 2000). There contribution is estimated at 91% of vitamin C, 48% of thiamine, 30% of folacin, 27% of pyridoxine, 17% of vitamin B1, 15% of vitamin B3, 19% of Iron, 16% of magnesium, 9% of calories (Quebedeaux and Elis, 1990; Kader, 2001). Fruits and vegetables in human diet are strongly associated with the reduced risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer’ disease, cataracts, strokes and other chronic diseases (Prior and Cao, 2000; Southon, 2000; Liu, 2003). Some components of fruits and vegetables are strong antioxidants and function in metabolic activation and detoxification of various carcinogens (Kader, 2001). Economic importance of fruits India comprises several agro-ecological regions with diverse soil and climate types, which provide an ample opportunity to grow variety of crops. A considerable degree of crop diversification has been experienced since the green revolution. The change in cropping pattern is towards the horticultural and commercial crops (Mittal, 2007). Horticultural crops form significant part of total agricultural production of the country and are key drivers of economic development. In India 65-70% of the population earns their livelihood through agriculture (Economic survey, 2007-08). Fruits contribute around 31% of horticultural production (Vedamurthy and Pandey, 2010). The increase in domestic and international demand for fruits in increasing day by day thereby increasing the economic importance of fruits. Contribution of horticultural crops towards agricultural GDP was about 29.5% for the year 2007-08 (Economic survey, 2007-08). Fruit Production in India India is the world’s second largest producer of fruits after Brazil that contributes 11.80% of the total world’s fruit production with a production of 68.46 million tonnes from an area of 6.10 million hectares annually (Kumar and Singh, 2010). In India the major fruit producing states are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, Punjab, Orissa and Utter Pradesh Factors leading to decrease in fruit production The major losses of fruits are estimated at 35-40% due to improper post harvest management that is about 40,000 crores per year. It so causes the wastage of energy, labour and inputs involved in horticultural production (Nayak and Mukhopadhyay, 2008). So there is a strong need for the post harvest management of these perishable fruits. Post harvest management strategies are applied to the horticultural produce after harvest to increase their shelf life during storage, processing, packaging and marketing to meet the nutritional requirements of the people. Majors that can be taken to overcome the losses Table 1: World fruit production in metric tonnes Fruit 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Afghanistan 794,600 816,730 645,870 706,224 847,900 Albania 118,400 151,400 167,782 141,489 370,192 Algeria 1,995,071 1,201,968 978,664 1,428,102 3,535,544 American Samoa 3,850 1,642 1,463 1,982 1,440 Angola 430,000 427,000 405,000 447,000 608,100 Antigua and Barbuda 6,749 8,540 8,511 9,518 8,570 Argentina 5,217,423 6,353,140 5,881,204 7,174,114 7,445,843 Armenia .. .. .. 244,352 351,405 Australia 2,114,328 2,168,155 2,384,181 3,084,329 3,312,766 Austria 1,096,963 1,082,399 964,144 1,091,955 734,800 Azerbaijan .. .. .. 553,959 891,021 Bahamas 9,175 12,409 11,077 26,312 37,000 Bahrain 17,580 42,000 10,150 21,465 22,090 Bangladesh 1,407,439 1,304,358 1,332,490 1,361,000 3,954,957 Barbados 2,490 2,610 2,850 2,560 4,090 Belarus .. .. .. 299,100 790,071 Belgium .. .. .. 786,210 571,630 Belize 35,405 83,428 141,662 381,421 376,790 Benin 121,300 142,300 180,662 163,023 398,700 Bermuda 565 500 300 336 370 Bhutan 23,350 29,450 64,535 64,710 60,900 Bolivia 469,540 555,635 783,195 999,658 944,470 Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. 80,273 321,265 Botswana 6,318 9,150 11,545 10,600 5,920 Brazil 11,465,728 19,473,797 29,823,592 36,986,742 39,286,781 British Virgin Islands 309 550 180 440 520 Brunei Darussalam 3,445 4,810 5,024 6,133 7,535 Bulgaria 2,300,776 1,897,597 1,649,569 739,549 396,332 Burkina Faso 41,600 55,200 69,831 90,954 96,450 Burundi 1,247,000 1,168,000 1,633,000 1,598,146 238,464 Cambodia 270,050 122,340 239,050 321,700 355,900 Cameroon 983,457 1,713,340 1,756,896 1,994,151 3,878,820 Canada 628,394 795,589 772,777 823,210 668,968 Cape Verde 13,824 12,600 14,615 16,778 20,800 Cayman Islands 516 583 314 558 325 Central African Republic 129,820 168,800 201,900 259,399 274,550 Chad 83,000 92,000 106,423 98,068 117,500 Chile 1,061,240 1,633,588 2,638,980 3,890,170 5,673,600 China 4,973,710 8,416,030 20,952,155 64,503,111 122,184,944 Colombia 2,761,100 3,897,150 4,676,996 6,851,039 7,989,940 Comoros 28,000 35,600 51,132 62,615 47,800 Congo 68,700 113,070 135,844 222,622 263,800 Congo, DR 2,134,500 2,627,600 3,450,844 2,426,781 2,540,724 Cook Islands 15,850 12,525 4,782 3,677 1,526 Costa Rica 1,299,210 1,337,764 2,410,266 3,810,786 4,620,366 Croatia .. .. .. 540,881 458,235 Cuba 306,012 853,467 1,535,526 2,251,114 1,794,869 Cyprus 432,319 344,802 393,246 282,984 185,661 Czech Republic .. .. .. 562,195 181,221 CÃ ´te dIvoire 1,001,352 1,464,548 1,569,720 2,347,117 2,187,000 Denmark 163,961 146,608 102,268 54,840 68,500 Djibouti 0 0 1,956 3,457 3,185 Dominica 63,100 35,760 96,771 69,805 53,830 Dominican Republic 1,169,659 1,340,100 1,599,980 1,032,324 2,196,055 Ecuador 3,781,542 3,966,510 4,524,825 7,670,506 9,292,075 Egypt 1,450,330 2,284,135 4,617,539 6,966,124 9,581,146 El Salvador 194,450 251,282 291,084 302,098 439,319 Equatorial Guinea 13,500 10,500 40,600 51,039 69,200 Eritrea .. .. .. 3,800 4,400 Estonia .. .. .. 26,538 5,071 Ethiopia .. .. .. 703,202 683,500 Fiji 8,612 10,685 12,846 18,006 18,628 Finland 62,700 104,000 21,092 18,661 16,793 France 17,040,995 14,601,267 11,942,965 11,265,355 8,691,815 French Guiana 4,540 2,021 6,763 15,707 17,610 French Polynesia 2,544 3,171 7,741 9,728 15,483 Gabon 123,300 190,900 240,001 294,226 324,710 Gambia 3,000 3,500 3,517 5,607 8,600 Georgia .. .. .. 471,917 260,000 Germany 5,367,781 4,750,807 4,854,934 5,290,538 2,200,529 Ghana 1,034,097 978,300 923,900 2,391,420 4,363,630 Greece 3,003,094 3,519,917 3,922,607 4,151,486 3,230,090 Grenada 34,255 27,518 25,811 16,631 14,600 Guadeloupe 132,280 88,577 116,416 142,661 87,390 Guam 747 1,089 1,873 2,380 3,220 Guatemala 659,100 753,791 1,150,517 1,973,393 3,951,700 Guinea 545,000 673,100 855,803 997,310 1,218,700 Guinea-Bissau 36,700 46,750 61,403 79,888 87,050 Guyana 42,167 32,710 50,249 73,963 33,615 Haiti 799,800 1,003,600 1,016,171 1,005,481 976,660 Honduras 1,499,923 1,646,227 1,388,235 783,281 1,357,185 Hungary 2,030,432 2,531,215 2,306,901 1,726,674 1,124,272 Iceland 13 10 11 17 30 India 15,786,680 20,357,397 27,717,104 43,000,880 84,791,100 Indonesia 3,576,000 4,268,214 5,973,043 8,412,930 14,867,762 Iran 1,784,725 3,144,125 7,163,554 12,287,684 12,126,041 Iraq 542,880 1,155,020 1,523,030 1,739,200 1,094,014 Ireland 32,500 23,200 23,000 26,334 48,170 Israel 1,548,475 1,926,160 2,002,746 1,263,269 1,278,486 Italy 19,349,138 21,429,443 17,112,381 17,989,619 16,907,895 Jamaica 396,869 332,255 360,046 425,044 363,608 Japan 5,552,900 6,227,900 4,905,691 3,820,890 2,898,550 Jordan 61,370 86,155 255,408 238,727 279,918 Kazakhstan .. .. .. 263,490 222,110 Kenya 534,110 1,126,610 1,303,636 2,148,118 2,933,336 Kiribati 3,370 4,530 5,000 5,649 9,400 Korea, North 218,000 848,000 1,305,000 1,333,157 1,559,200 Korea, South 429,259 933,406 1,917,459 2,625,572 2,733,554 Kuwait 470 1,113 1,933 11,250 18,353 Kyrgyzstan .. .. .. 188,139 197,601 Laos 75,650 90,300 128,500 192,967 238,200 Latvia .. .. .. 53,992 14,608 Lebanon 561,776 721,100 1,185,000 845,600 976,290 Lesotho 14,000 15,000 17,709 14,500 14,700 Liberia 98,020 120,200 106,779 170,662 208,700 Libya 82,132 179,145 311,644 314,710 386,050 Liechtenstein 120 70 130 156 180 Lithuania .. .. .. 112,500 47,719 Luxembourg .. .. .. 33,632 26,652 Macedonia .. .. .. 407,811 452,643 Madagascar 623,775 733,033 796,700 890,600 941,460 Malawi 260,000 374,950 481,428 755,498 1,032,600 Malaysia 865,300 938,073 1,108,638 1,210,733 1,144,862 Maldives 6,050 7,900 6,350 9,560 10,051 Mali 98,100 124,800 155,060 251,993 814,100 Malta 11,871 10,563 13,729 6,457 10,085 Martinique 184,928 116,929 284,295 355,478 208,860 Mauritania 17,300 15,200 12,087 24,900 23,000 Mauritius 8,948 3,583 8,370 13,076 21,285 Mexico 4,478,970 7,617,469 9,371,183 13,306,460 15,255,598 Micronesia, FM .. .. .. 3,088 3,830 Moldova .. .. .. 953,163 792,435 Mongolia 2,250 3,200 400 255 578 Montenegro .. .. .. .. 74,338 Montserrat 1,129 800 629 880 830 Morocco 1,466,620 1,670,800 2,008,842 2,680,770 3,292,411 Mozambique 304,470 322,500 381,400 290,768 368,810 Myanmar 707,502 806,590 950,342 1,416,000 2,135,100 Namibia 6,500 8,000 9,839 16,413 42,225 Nauru 140 200 255 336 340 Nepal 112,000 135,000 413,310 844,633 1,276,791 Netherlands 678,466 618,730 561,700 710,936 671,390 New Caledonia 9,000 11,634 2,576 3,723 3,733 New Zealand 241,574 356,774